Iridium-Catalyzed Reductive C-F Bond Cleavage of Polyvinylchloride in Water

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Super-Reduction of a Photosensitive Anionic Poly(Tetrafluoroethylene), a Novel Light-Ambient Molecular Experiment

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Source: Photocatalytic low-temperature defluorination of PFASs

Exposure of zebrafish to chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates. A review of pathways of exposure to PFAS

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Medicinal chemists are trying to make drug molecules that contain C–F bonds but can biodegrade safely once they leave the body. In some circumstances, PFAS have replaced other harmful chemicals — for example, outdated, ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants. Large-scale roll out will need regulatory approval, but non-fluorinated refrigerants are also available.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances are a group of compounds, numbering in the millions, which are remarkably water-, heat- and greaseproof. Teflon was made non-stick and keep the rain off our jackets by being discovered in the 1930s. Varieties of cosmetics, fire-retardant foam, kitchen utensils, metal coatings, packaging, textiles and more all contain them.

They have become known asforever chemicals because they are hard to break down and stick in the environment for a long time. They are found everywhere, in rivers and on the tops of mountains. This is a problem only if the chemicals are toxic and have been linked to problems such as cancer and immune-system suppression.

Catalysts with light to reduce the C-F bond and to carbon-hydrogen: a first step toward a solar-powered approach

Both methods combine a catalyst with some relatively simple chemistry driven by the energy of visible light. In each case, the catalyst absorbs light that then triggers a reaction.

Chemist Garret Miyake at Colorado State University in Fort Collins and his colleagues use this absorbed energy to reduce the C–F bond to carbon–hydrogen — albeit not in Teflon1. Yan-Biao Kang, a chemist at the University of Science and Technology of China in Hefei, and his colleagues uses this energy to break the bond and the overall molecule down to smaller constituent parts2, in temperatures as low as 40 °C. Both papers show that a major step forward is being taken.

Next steps include using ideas in real-world settings to develop catalysts that can work in waste water or clean up contaminated soils. If a method can be adapted so that it is powered by sunlight, that would be of huge benefit.

Scientists with the European Chemicals Agency are studying a proposal from several countries to ban most of the products currently used in everyday use.

The European proposal doesn’t yet extend to banning PFAS in applications such as medicine or transport, for the simple reason that these chemicals are still too useful and adequate alternatives are yet to be found. C–F bonds in pharmaceuticals allow molecules to remain stable, which is necessary for products’ shelf life.